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FUR DESCRIPTIONS |
Special thanks to www.furcommission.com for allowing us to use this information. It has been adapted from Furs : An Appreciaton of Luxury, A Guide to Value by Edythe Cudlipp, 1978 (ISBN: 0-8015-4310-X; out of print).
IMPORTANT NOTE: Some of the information has become outdated, and will be updated periodically.
© 1998-2007 Fur Commission USA
Antelope
In
antelope the skin should be supple, although the hair tends to be stiff
and flat. The color is usually light brown to gray, depending on whether
the antelope is from Africa or America. Because of the stiffness and flatness
of the hair, the hair may tend to rub off easily. As a result, leather
may be used for edging to protect sleeves, pockets, collars, etc., from
friction. Antelope is used in coats, jackets, vests, and accessories.
It is not a durable fur if worn steadily. At the same time, it's inexpensive
and attractive for casual wear.
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Badger
Badger
is long-haired and is generally used unplucked, except for the grotzen
(the long, mane-like guard hairs running down the back), which is plucked.
It's a wild fur, with the color varying, depending on where the badger
is from. The best badger has a natural silvery tint. Canadian badger is
gray with pale white underfur, while badger from the US has gray guard
hairs and creamy underfur. Asiatic (China) badger has a yellowish-brown
underfur and gray guard hair. North American badger is softer and fuller
than other badger. Badger is so durable that a coat can wear for years,
given good care and regular cleaning. Because badger is so heavy in weight,
it is often "leathered", that is, made with strips of badger
alternating with leather. Leathered badger is much lighter in weight but
is not as durable.
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Bassarisk
Bassarisk
is a cousin of the raccoon, although it is sometimes called ring-tailed
cat. Before 1952, when the Federal Fur Products Labeling Act became law,
it was often called rock sable. Bassarisk is native to North America and
is trapped mainly in Texas. The fur is naturally a brownish yellow in
color, touched with gray. The best bassarisk has good yellow tones. The
belly and flank, often used by themselves in coats, are paler yellow and
shade to light brown, similar to fitch. Bassarisk may also be bleached
or dyed. It isn't a long-wearing fur, although it will give long wear
with care.
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Beaver
Beaver,
which was once native to Europe, is now found only in North America in
quantity, despite beaver's beginning to make a comeback in the former
Soviet Union. It is an aquatic animal with shiny, coarse guard hair and
soft, exceptionally thick underfur. The color range is wide. It may be
dark brown on the back, shading to pale golden brown on the sides, or
the entire fur may be pale or even silvery. Whatever the color, beaver
should never have a red cast. The best beaver comes from Canada, the northern
US, and Alaska. Northern beaver wears longest.
Southern beaver has a thicker skin and is inexpensive in comparison to northern beaver. The fur texture is similar, although the underfur may not be as thick. Beaver is used both natural and plucked and sheared. Southern beaver is best when natural.
Natural beaver: Natural beaver doesn't resemble the sheared beaver with which most of us are familiar. The look is entirely different. Watch for long guard hairs that give the fur a lustrous sheen. Natural beaver is ideal for men's coats because of the rugged look. It also makes striking casual wear for both men and women. Natural beaver is a durable fur. Its natural brown color may be dyed other colors.
Sheared beaver:
Beaver almost always used to be plucked and sheared to a velvety, soft
pile. The natural color is sometimes dyed darker brown or beige or even
bleached white. The fur may mat when wet and requires care and once-a-year
cleaning.
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Burunduki
Burunduki
is a member of the chipmunk family, with short, coarse hair. The background
fur is gray with a yellow tint. Russian burunduki has five dark and four
light stripes, while Indian burunduki has three stripes. The pelts are
so small that they are generally sewn into plates, from which garments
are made. It's used for linings, skirts, and accessories, because the
fur isn't durable enough for outer coats.
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Calf
Calf
is produced from young domesticated cows. The short, sleek hair may be
used in natural colors, ranging from brown to black or tan and white.
Calfskin may also be dyed or stenciled in imitation of other furs. The
leather is much softer than antelope, although the short, stiff hairs
will show wear, which means it's often trimmed with leather. Calf is used
for coats and sportswear.
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Chinchilla
Chinchilla
is a rodent, which originally was found in the wild only in the high altitudes
of the Andes in South America. The name comes from "Chincha",
the South American Indians who used the hair for cloth, as did the Incas
who conquered the Chinchas and the early Spaniards who defeated the Incas.
Later, the blue gray, exquisitely soft fur became so popular in Europe
that chinchillas were almost extinct by 1914. Nowadays, all chinchilla
is ranched, as the result of a few breeding pairs imported to the US in
1924.
The fur is very soft, silky, and dense. In fact, chinchilla fur has the highest hair density of any animal, with more than 20,000 per square centimeter. (This makes it impossible for parasites such as fleas to inhabit chinchillas, as they would suffocate.) Where humans grow one hair from each follicle, a chinchilla has more than 50.
Color is silvery gray top hair and dark underfur. The best chinchilla has a slate blue color, often enhanced by brighteners, although mutation colors are now also produced.
The small size and the fragility of the skin used to make chinchilla difficult to work with and very expensive. It's still expensive, but new dressing methods have made it easier to work with and have improved its wearability. No fur needs more care, however. The fur is very warm, despite being one of the lightest.
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Chinese Leopard Cat (Felis bengalensis chinensis)
Chinese Leopard Cat, also known in the fur trade as Lipi Cat, is one of several subspecies of the small Asian Leopard Cat found across eastern and southern Asia, but the only one that is traded internationally. While most Leopard Cats are listed on Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species, the Chinese Leopard Cat is on Appendix II. The main threat to all Leopard Cat populations has been encroachment on their habitat by human development.
Casual observers have been known to confuse Leopard Cats with domesticated cats. However, the Leopard Cat actually has a much longer body, a distinctively thick and soft pelt, and far more striking coloring and markings.
As the name implies, these markings resemble the Leopard, and include rosetted and random spots, bands running from the forehead to the back of the neck, and a white underbelly with black or dark brown spots. Leopard Cats are found in a wide variety of habitats, from deserts to dense forests, and their markings and background color vary accordingly. The Chinese Leopard Cat, found primarily in China's Yunnan Province, tends to have a richer, bolder pattern than other subspecies, adding to its commercial value, on a golden background.
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Coyote
Coyote
is native to North America. It is a predator and, until a few years ago,
was considered a pest, since it may attack domestic and farm animals as
well as rats and other wild animals. (In fact, to decrease the large numbers
of coyotes, the states inhabited by coyote offered bounties for the skins,
which were considered useless.) Once wolves were put on the endangered
species' list, however, fur manufacturers began experimenting with coyote.
The long-haired fur, often pale gray or tan in color with thick, paler
underfur, is durable and warm and makes luxurious coats for both men and
women.
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Ermine
Ermine
used to be the fur of royalty, for whom it was reserved as a symbol of
virtue and purity. Both the robes and crown that Elizabeth II wore for
her coronation were trimmed in ermine, although today anyone who can afford
the fur can wear ermine.
Ermine is actually
a weasel. The weasel itself is found in many countries and climates, both
in Europe and North America, but what we think of as ermine is found only
in the former Soviet Union and northern Canada. In summer, it is a brownish
gray, but as winter comes, it changes to a snowy white that again changes,
in spring, to a shade of yellow. Ermine, therefore, is trapped only in
mid-winter to get the prime, top-quality white color. Ermine is warm and
will last many years, since it is too dressy for everyday wear. It requires
good care and should be kept out of sunlight, which may turn it yellow.
The best ermine is from the former Soviet Union.
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Fisher
Fisher
is a marten, the American cousin of the Russian sable, the most sought-after
being the fisher from the western US and Canada. The fur ranges from brown
to black. The females, which are smaller than the males, have softer and
silkier pelts. The fur is very durable and is used for coats, "little"
furs, and scarves. In coats it may be let out, like mink. The best fisher
is a chocolate brown in color.
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Fitch
Fitch
comes in several natural colors. White fitch, which is native to Siberia,
has distinctive flank markings. It's the best fitch and is expensive.
Fitch also comes from Germany, Austria, and Poland. This fitch is dark
in color, with the best Polish fitch having distinctive stripes. Paradise
or yellow fitch comes from Mongolia. Although fitch used to be dyed to
resemble mink and sable, as the price has gone up, it has become valued
for itself, with the best Russian white fitch becoming more expensive
than mink. It has long guard hairs and woolly, compact underfur. In dark
fitch, the underfur is lighter in color than the dark guard hairs. Fitch
can be worked many ways, both let out or in chevron and other designs
for coats and jackets. It is less durable than mink, but it will wear
well with care.
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Fox
Fox,
which comes in many natural colors, is found all over the world. Because
of its long hair and distinctive coloring, its popularity depends on fashion,
especially in the US. Fox is easy to ranch and was ranched extensively
in the US at the height of its popularity. As its popularity waned, however,
American fox farmers turned to raising mink, with the result that almost
all fox today comes from ranches in Scandinavia (especially Norway), other
European countries, and Russia, where it has always been fashionable.
The ranching made possible the development of mutations such as silver
and platina fox, that are variations of the natural colors.
Fox wears well,
although it needs regular cleaning and care to keep the fur fluffy and
the skins soft and supple. The price depends on the popularity, but red
(the most common) fox is the least expensive, with platina and white the
most expensive. Clarity of color is important in fox, as is the fullness
and density of the underfur and soft sleekness of the guard hairs. Fox
is also dyed high-fashion colors.
Blue fox:
Blue fox is ranched extensively in Scandinavia. The color ranges from
a blue brown to a real blue, as well as white with blue highlights.
Cross
fox: The name comes from the distinctive cruciform marking in the
head and neck region of the fox. The color is basically red fox with yellow
tints, while the cross is deeper in color with the red mixed with black.
Some cross foxes are silver in color and are called silver cross fox.
Gray fox: Most gray fox is American, with the best pelts coming from the northern states. It is silver gray with a slight tinge of red.
Kitt fox or corsac: North American kitt foxes are gray fox. In addition, there is corsac, which comes from Siberia and other places in the former Soviet Union. In comparison to other foxes, it has little guard hair. What guard hair it does have is yellow with white tips, although the fur tends to be short and soft. Corsac fox is less well-wearing than most other foxes.
Platina fox: The platina color was originally bred in Norway. It is a much lighter platinum color than silver fox, and the whiteness may be enhanced by slight bleaching.
Red fox:
Red fox is native to every continent with the exception of South America.
The best red fox comes from northern climates and is deeply furred with
silky, strong texture.
Silver fox:
Silver fox is entirely ranched. The fur is blue black in color with a
white tip on the tail. The best silver fox is a true silver color with
a black stripe.
White fox:
This fox has extremely thick underfur. There may be a slight blue shade
along the back of the pelt. Like all white furs, it may require bleaching
to preventing its turning yellow. It is less wearable than the more common
kinds of foxes, although it is the ultimate in glamor.
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Guanaco
(Guanaquito)
Guanaco
is a South American relative of the camel. The pattern of the long-haired
back in red or brown and white flanks, or sides, is sharp. The fur is
thick and soft. Guanaco is used in coats and for trimmings and accessories.
It needs a lot of care, since the thick, soft fur (there are no guard
hairs) tends to curl when wet. If this happens, the fur should always
be taken to a furrier for special ironing. Anyone who tries to repair
a fur coat in any way runs the risk of ruining the fur.
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Kidskin
Kidskin
comes from young goats and mainly from Ethiopia and China. The fur is
short, flat, and silky with no underfur. The color may be gray, black,
tan, or white. It may be dyed, too. Kid sometimes has markings like broadtail
- a moiré or watered-silk pattern. Kidskin may be made into plates,
from which garments are made. It is not a durable fur, as is the case
with most flat-haired furs.
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Lamb
Lamb
is one fur that cannot be described in a few words. It may be long-haired
or short-haired. It may be flat with a wavy pattern or curly. It may be
inexpensive to expensive. In addition, the fur industry is now using types
of lamb that were seldom, if ever, used before. Each type of fur, therefore,
has its own characteristics and colors, although almost all curly lamb
is very durable.
Broadtail: Broadtail is the most perishable and one of the most expensive kinds of lamb. It is best for a second fur. It is used in coats (usually very dressy) but, because of its thin, soft leather and fine short hair, it is also used in "fantasy furs". A broadtail evening suit, for example, would be the ultimate in broadtail - and fur - apparel and fashion. Broadtail comes from stillborn and unborn lambs of karakul sheep. The sheep aren't killed for their lambs, which is one reason broadtail is exclusive and expensive. Broadtail has a silky texture and fine moiré or watered-silk pattern. Natural gray broadtail wears the best, with natural brown broadtail wearing next best. Black broadtail is dyed, and, like all dyed furs, wears least well, as is the case with the high-fashion colors that broadtail can also be dyed.
Broadtail (American processed): American processed broadtail is made from pelts of a certain kind of lamb that have been sheared near the skin to give the distinctive moiré pattern of natural broadtail. It is more durable than broadtail, since the skins aren't as thin, and is less expensive. It may be left its natural color or dyed other colors. The shearing should be close enough to the skin that the moiré pattern doesn't have a curl.
Karakul: See Persian lamb.
Mongolian
lamb: This lamb has long, wavy, silky hair. It is sporty and attractive
in coats and jackets, but needs special care because it can turn frizzy
in wet weather. It is usually left its natural "lamb" color
(off-white) or is bleached white.
Mouton lamb: Mouton lamb is sheared sheepskin. The hair is straightened, treated, and set to make a soft, water-repellent, close fur that may be dyed black or brown to imitate Alaska or northern fur seal or beaver. It may also be dyed other colors, although the natural color is generally off-white.
Shearling: Shearling is natural sheepsking that has been sheared (similar to mouton lamb), while the leather side has been sueded. The fur, or sheared, side is worn next to the skin.
Shearling is the shepherd's coat that's traditional to many eastern European and Asian countries from Hungary to Afghanistan and points east. These coats are often embroidered on the suede side, and the fur side may have longer hair. Shearlings are also "traditional" jackets for western cowboys and ranchers.
The coats and jackets are casual, sporty, and long wearing, as well as inexpensive. The shearling side tends to be more closely sheared than on shepherds' coats. They do need care to keep the sueded side soft and clean and the lamb side from matting, although the best American shearlings will not spot from rain.
Until not so long ago, shearlings were considered heavy. However, better tanning methods have made the finest-quality shearlings much lighter, heralding their arrival on the fashion scene.
Persian lamb: Persian lamb is also called karakul, or caracul. It used to be called astrakhan as well. The sheep are raised for their meat and wool in the former Soviet Union, Afghanistan, and other countries in that area, but they are also raised in Namibia as well. Persian lamb from the last area listed is trademarked Swakara. Bukhara is the finest Russian Persian lamb. Broadtail is lamb that is stillborn or unborn. Persian broadtail is lamb that is a few days old or less. Persian lamb (karakul, Swakara, and Bukhara) is lamb that is not older than 10 days. The difference in age allows the fur to develop from the moiré pattern to a tight, close curl. After that age, the fur gets longer and begins to lose the distinctive curl. Persian lamb goes in and out of fashion in the United States, but it has long been one of the most popular furs in Europe, especially Germany. The best-wearing Persian lambs are the natural browns, grays, and whites. Black Persian lamb is dyed to avoid the whiteness of the natural leather from showing through the curls. Persian lamb today, thanks to better breeding, comes in a wider range of natural colors and is lighter in weight than even a few years ago.
Tibet lamb:
This lamb is similar to Mongolian lamb, except the silky hair is longer
- as long as three to four inches - and may be frizzier. It, too, is off-white,
although it can be dyed, and needs special care to keep it from frizzing
unattractively. Both Mongolian and Tibet lamb can be straightened if they
become too frizzy.
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Lipi Cat
See Chinese Leopard Cat.
Lynx
Lynx is a long-haired fur that is light-colored with spotted, textured body hair. It's native to parts of northern and central Europe, Canada, and the United States, with the markings varying according to its native habitat. The rarest lynx is the Russian white lynx, which is protected by the Russian government. Only limited amounts of pelts are sold, accounting for its high price tag. In addition to having an exceptionally fluffy snow-white coat with subtle black spots, it is also the only long-haired fur that won't shed. The belly of the pelt is usually whiter and has longer fur, and garments made only of belly fur are therefore more expensive than those made from whole pelts.
Canadian lynx has less subtle markings, while Montana lynx is more strongly marked. Bay lynx or bobcat is much more strongly marked, with flatter hair, and is the least expensive kind of lynx.
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Marmot
Marmot
is native to North America, Europe and Asia. The American marmot (better
known as woodchuck or groundhog) isn't used for fur. Marmot that is used
for fur comes from Russia and China. The hair tends to be coarse, although
the guard hairs are silky and the underfur is thick. It's bluish in color
before hibernation and yellowish afterwards. Although it may be used in
its naturally bluish color, it may also be dyed to resemble mink. Marmot
is reasonably durable and not expensive.
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Marten
Marten
belong to the weasel family, along with mink and sable. Russian marten,
in fact, are sable. The marten found in Canada are called Canadian sable.
Marten need care and treatment to wear well and stay fluffy. The types
of marten called marten are:
American marten: American marten have very long guard hairs and dense, fine underfur. The color ranges from blue brown to dark brown. It may also be pale brown or yellow with orange tones. The skins are worked many ways, including let out, and guard hairs may be plucked. American marten are the least expensive marten, since they are not as soft or fine as the other marten.
Baum marten: Baum marten are native to Europe, Asia Minor, and the Himalayas. They are naturally brown in color and may be dyed to resemble sable. As with all martens, they may be let out or used in various patterns for coats or be used for whole-skin scarves and "little" furs.
Stone marten:
Stone marten come from approximately the same places as baum marten, although
not as far north. The fur is similar but it is much finer than baum marten.
The best stone marten have a bluish cast to the fur; the underfur is whitish.
They are used in the same way as baum marten.
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Mink
A
mink coat is the coat to many women - and to growing numbers of
men. Mink are a member of the weasel family. Although they are found in
the wild almost everywhere in North America and in some other parts of
the world, the majority of mink are ranched. Very few wild mink are trapped
any more because ranched mink are so superior in quality and color. American
mink are the finest in the world, thanks to scientific breeding and rearing.
Female mink are smaller and have softer, lighter pelts than the males. Consequently, more female skins are needed for a coat than male skins. It is just as warm, however, although the weight may be less.
Mink is worked in many ways, and every part of the skin is used. It is a very durable fur that can last twenty years or more with care, depending on the quality. Prime quality skins are used natural and will wear the best. Dyed mink represents lesser quality skins - and both the lesser quality and the dyeing mean that it won't wear as well.
Natural ranch mink: The guard hairs should be silky and even in length, while the underfur should be dense and compact and paler in color. The mink should have a naturally lustrous sheen.
Mutation mink: Again, the guard hairs should be silky and even in length. The color should be clear and uniform. The price depends on the availability - and popularity - of colors. At times, natural ranch mink may be more expensive.
Pieced mink:
A coat may be made, wholly or partially, of paws, gills and tails. It
may also contain other pieces of mink. If the coat is patterned, such
as to give a chevron effect, look for evenness of pattern and texture
throughout the coat. Pieced coats may not wear as well as whole skin coats,
because of the many seams. A good pieced mink coat should be reinforced
on the leather side with nylon or ribbon at points of wear. Pieced mink
coats can be very attractive, and they are much less expensive than natural
mink coats that are let out or skin-on-skin.
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Mole
Mole
is an example of how an animal considered to be a pest can turn out to
have value. According to tradition, moles in Scotland were creating havoc
among the farmers until Queen Alexandra, wife of Edward VII of England,
ordered a garment made of mole - and started a new fashion. Mole, which
comes from Europe, has a small, even tiny, pelt. The taupe gray pelts
are sewn together and dyed for exotic, special "fantasy furs".
The leather is very soft, while the fur is short and delicate, resembling
velvet in texture. All fur, with the exception of mole, grows from the
head of the animal running back to the tail and should always be touched
that way. Mole, on the other hand, has no "grain"; it feels
the same whichever way it's touched, making it unique among furs.
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Muskrat
(Musquash)
Musquash
is the Canadian and British name for muskrat, one of the most versatile
furs. It can be used many ways, including being dyed to resemble mink
and plucked and sheared to resemble beaver. Hudson seal, which is no longer
made but was popular in the 1920s and 1930s, was actually plucked and
sheared muskrat dyed to look like Alaska, or northern, fur seal. The name
muskrat comes from glands near the tail that give off an odor, musk. Musk
is used in perfumes and cosmetics. Muskrat are found all over the United
States, mainly in marsh areas that are unsuitable for agriculture. It
is extremely hardy and prolific, which means that it would become a pest
if not trapped. At times, in fact, it has become so numerous that it's
left the marshes for farmlands where it's caused severe damage. Its color,
in general, is dark brown on the back shading to golden brown and silver
on the flanks. Jersey, or eastern, muskrat is darker in color, almost
black, and the most expensive. Eastern muskrat is long-wearing with care,
although all muskrat wears well.
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Nutria
Nutria
is a South American cousin of the beaver. It was introduced into swamps
in the United States to reduce the muskrat population. It was also farmed,
and, according to one story, a few breeding pairs escaped from a farm
in Louisiana during a hurricane, only to find the marshes and swamps there
ideal. Whatever the reason, since its introduction into the United States
in the 1950s, nutria have thrived. If not trapped, they could become a
pest in competition for the same land with muskrats and other wildlife.
Nutria has traditionally been plucked, sheared, and dyed a variety of colors from black, brown and beige to many others. Sheared nutria is soft and light in weight, making it ideal for use in vests, linings, and "indoor furs", as well as luxury coats.
Some innovative furriers have also tried using nutria natural, unplucked and unsheared. This natural nutria has thick, glossy guard hair, a light brown color shading to a yellowish red brown, and dense underfur. The best nutria is a rich brown. Natural nutria is also dyed.
All nutria is
very warm and wears well, although sheared nutria needs special care -
as does any sheared fur - and should always be stored in the summer. It
is lighter weight than beaver, whether sheared or natural, but similar
in texture and color.
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Opossum
Opossum
are an example of an animal used for fur whose fur varies widely depending
on what part of the world it comes from. Americans usually think of opossum
as a long-haired, small animal that's a kind of dull, silvery gray and
has a hairless tail. If it's threatened, it plays "possum" -
goes limp and seems lifeless. Not all opossum is "possum", however.
American opossum: American opossum has long, silvery gray guard hairs and a thick white underfur with black tips. The hair should be silky and thick and the color good. American opossum can last up to ten years. It may be tinted and dyed or plucked and sheared.
Australian opossum: The fur of this opossum is like thick plush. It's silkier than American opossum, with the best fur being a rich blue gray in color, although it can be bleached or dyed. It can also be sheared. Australian opossum is the best-wearing opossum, lasting as long as fifteen years.
Tasmanian
opossum: This opossum, from the island off Australia, is protected.
It's similar to Australian opossum, except that the color is a red brown
and it will last only five to eight years, making it the most perishable
opossum.
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Otter
While
some species of otter are endangered, other species are not. The otter
used for fur nowadays are American and Canadian inland otter. Like most
aquatic animals, it has a sleek, flat, lustrous fur with dense underfur.
Its natural color is brown, and it wears well. Otter may be left natural
or plucked and sheared, giving it a variety of looks. Otter, because of
its sturdy wear and good looks, makes attractive sports furs and appeals
to men as well as women.
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Pahmi
(Asian ferret badger)
This
small badger comes from China and India. Its guard hair, which ranges
from brown to silver gray, is much darker than the dense orange yellow
underfur. It may be used natural or plucked and sheared and wears well.
A disadvantage is that pahmi, when wet, has an odor like skunk.
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Pony
Pony
used for fur comes from wild ponies, mostly from the former USSR and Poland.
Other pony comes from Siberia, Mongolia, Denmark, and South America. The
best pony may have a moiré pattern similar to broadtail, in which
case the pattern should be uniform. Pony is usually dyed. It wears similarly
to calf and antelope because of the flat, stiff hairs, and softness of
leather is important for this reason.
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Rabbit
Rabbit
is noted for being very inexpensive. It's also noted as being the great
imitator, because of its use to imitate just about any other fur. Both
wild and domestic rabbits are used, although most rabbit fur today comes
from animals raised for food purposes, the skins of which would be thrown
out if not used for fur.
Rabbit may be left natural or it may be plucked, sheared, dyed, and processed in the effort to make it resemble other furs. As a result, it used to be called a wide variety of names, from lapin (the French word for rabbit) to sealine, beaverette, chinchillette, and so on. Since the Federal Fur Protection Act of 1952, however, it must be called rabbit, now matter how it's processed.
Long-haired rabbit tends to shed. Thus, anyone who wears dark colors would be better off with a darker color or dyed rabbit than with a white or light-colored rabbit coat or jacket. In any case, the texture should be silky and the color uniform. Some rabbit is leather-edged to give it a longer life. Although rabbit may wear as long as five years or more, the average rabbit coat or jacket probably wears about three years. Keeping in mind that a rabbit coat may cost less than a cloth coat, though, it gives good value for the money.
Rex Rabbit: The fur of this special breed is quite distinct from that of regular rabbits. According to the National Rex Rabbit Club (U.S.), the breed was the product of a recessive gene first spotted in France in 1919. Unlike regular rabbits, the Rex has no prominent "guardhair", resulting in a silkier, denser fur resembling chinchilla or sheared mink. Rex rabbits were imported into the U.S. in the 1920s. (See Rabbit Redux: A Once-Lowly Fur Finds New Luster, Wall Street Journal, Jan. 27, 2004. Outside link.)
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Raccoon
Raccoon
is a truly American animal and fur, and it's come a long way from the
enormous, heavy coats that were a "must" for the 1920s college
man and the Davy Crockett hats of the 1950s. Raccoon are found all over
the United States and in southern Canada, with its fur getting thicker
and longer the farther north the animal lives. Although the distinctive
tail alternates black with tan rings, the body guard hairs are long and
silvery with black tips and the gray sides shade to black along the middle
of the back. The best raccoon has plentiful guard hair, heavy underfur,
and a silvery color. If raccoon is plucked and sheared, the texture should
be silky and the shearing even. Sheared raccoon, as is true of any sheared
coat, needs special care to keep it from matting. Raccoon can also be
bleached or dyed. The fur can be very durable with care, as the number
of raccoon coats from the 1920s that were around a few years ago (and
may even still be around) demonstrate.
One day raccoon
may not be truly American. Pairs have been resettled in Russian forests
where they're said to be growing in number.
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Raccoon Dog
See Tanuki.
Sable
Sable
are actually marten - the finest, most luxurious and expensive marten.
The best sable comes from Barguzin in the former USSR and is denser and
silkier than Canadian sable, while Chinese and Japanese sable deserve
only a mention in the same sentence with Russian sable. Most sable are
wild and protected in preserves, although some sable have been and are
ranched, which means that other countries could raise sable if the Russians
would let breeding pairs be exported. Unlike Americans, who sold breeding
pairs of mink freely, the Russians have strictly controlled sable.
The Russian government has a monopoly on sable. V/O Sojuzpushnina, a Russian trade organization, holds fur auctions in January, July and October, at which sables (and other furs) are auctioned. The proceeds go to the government. This system is little different from the system in czarist times when a good portion of the imperial family's income came from the sale of sable, except that the royal family sold sable only to other crowned heads. The finest sable, Barguzin sable, was reserved for the czar and his family's use, which is why it's called crown or imperial sable.
Sable may also be the Golden Fleece of Greek mythology. According to one story, the fleece that Jason and his Argonauts sought when they sailed east - probably to the Black Sea - could have been sable.
Today, anyone
who can afford sable can own a sable coat. Prime sable is deeply furred
with even, silvery-tipped guard hairs, making it silkier than mink. The
color is a rich brown with a blue cast. Golden sable, which is a reddish
or amber color, is less expensive. All sable, nevertheless, is very expensive
- but as warm and light in weight as it is heavy in price.
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Seal
Commercial harvests of seals focus on two species, the harp seal and ring seal. The industry plays an important role in parts of Canada, Greenland, and northern Europe, where populations of these species are abundant, but pressure from animal rights groups has resulted in restrictions in the trade of pelts. Notably, in the US, trade in seal skins, along with all other marine mammal products, is banned. Also banned is the formerly important harvesting of very young "whitecoat" harp seals.
Both harp and ring seals are "hair" seals, so called because their pelts are comprised entirely of short, shiny guard hairs, with no underfur. For insulation, they depend primarily on their blubber. The result is what is called "flat" fur, of which hair seal fur is the longest wearing of all, being much more durable than calf or antelope, for example. Because of the lack of underfur, hair seal fur is not as warm as "true" furs like mink. However, it provides good resistance to wind and rain.
Hair seal fur is used for vests, jackets, skirts and pants, and also for accessories such as purses and bags. It also takes dyes very well, though this treatment is normally reserved for lower grade pelts.
Other species of seal, such as the Cape fur seal, do have underfur. When used for clothing, the guard hairs are plucked and the underfur sheared to produce a soft, velvety "duvet", much like preparing sheared beaver.
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Skunk
(Zorina)
Skunk
are native to North and South America. Both continents produce similar
animals, although South American skunk may be called Zorina. Skunk, with
its distinctive white striping down the back and dark or black color,
is probably familiar to most Americans especially for the evil-smelling
spray they issue when threatened and when killed on the roads by cars.
The stripe varies in width but is actually divided like a V and may be
long or short. Some skunk fur may even be all black. The underfur is thick
and long, keeping the silky guard hairs erect. It's worked both with and
without the stripe. The color should be a glossy blue black and the stripe,
if used, narrow. It wears well. The problem with skunk has been that it
may have a slight odor when wet. Nowadays, this problem has been almost
eliminated.
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Squirrel
Squirrels
are native to most countries. The best squirrel for fur purposes comes
from Siberia. It is blue gray in color and is left natural. This gray
squirrel is the miniver of the Middle Ages, when it was a status symbol
worn only by the aristocracy and high-ranking dignitaries. Siberian squirrel
is also dyed, as is other squirrel which tends to have an unattractive
brown color. Brown squirrel comes from Canada. Squirrels from the United
States aren't used for fur. The fur should be soft and silky, as well
as dense in texture. A squirrel coat or jacket may wear eight years or
more, with stoles, capes, and other little furs that aren't worn every
day wearing much longer with care.
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Tanuki
(Raccoon dog) (Nyctereutes procyonoides)
Tanuki, which are native to Japan, eastern Siberia, Manchuria, Vietnam and Korea, were introduced in the mid-20th century by the fur-farming industry to the European and Asian USSR. Today they range as far west as Scandinavia and France.
They are the only species in the genus Nyctereutes. Although they are classified under the Canidae family, they are not closely related to canines (true dogs) or vulpines (foxes). (See Wikipedia entry on Canidae for more information.)
The fur is dense and soft, with long dorsal guard hairs, tipped black. Head markings are a white muzzle and face, with black surrounding the eyes, reminiscent of a raccoon, with a black mark spanning the shoulders and running down the back in the form of a cross. Body color varies greatly, from dusky brown to yellow-brown above, and light brown or tan on the belly. The color is similar to a cross fox, however, with the same distinctive cross marking.
Pelts are used for complete garments as well as trim, while in Japan the bristles are used in calligraphy brushes.
The fur is sometimes marketed in northern Europe as "Finn raccoon", while in the US, the Federal Trade Commission identifies them as "Asiatic raccoon".
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Weasel
Weasels are native to many countries. The color varies, depending on season and country of origin. Weasel is similar to mink, to which it's related, except that the hair is shorter. The fur is soft and light in weight. The yellow and light colors may be left natural, or the pelt may be dyed. Despite the resemblance to mink, weasel wears nowhere near as long, only about five to eight years.
The dark brown fur of the Siberian weasel (Mustela sibirica), found in parts of the Himalayas, Siberia and China, is also known by a variety of other names, some more for marketing reasons than anything else. These include kolinski (or kolinsky), China mink, Japanese mink, Siberian mink, yellow mink, red sable, tatar sable, and yellow weasel. The hair of the males, in particular, is used in the finest paint brushes.
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Wolverine
Wolverine
is native to the northern United States, Canada, and the cold belt of
Europe. The underfur is thick and brown, with the guard hair varying from
dark brown to yellowish, with a white stripe along the sides. It's usually
used natural and is rarely dyed, so a wolverine jacket should have dense
underfur and an attractive striped pattern. It's also often used to trim
hoods on jackets and parkas because the fur doesn't hold moisture and
freeze against the face.
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